This paper presents an implementation of an underwater noise emission module in Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model. The model is based on real shipping activity, as described by the vessel navigation systems, and combines it with technical description of each ship. The methodology described facilitates the description of underwater noise as emission maps, which describe the energy emitted to the water. This enables regular reporting of shipping noise and facilitates further research. Hide

The Western Valley is one of the passages across the Iceland-Scotland Ridge through which a strong overflow of cold, dense water has been thought to feed the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), but its strength has not been known. Based on a field experiment with instruments moored across the valley, we show that this overflow branch is much weaker than previously thought and that this is because it is suppressed by the warm current in the upper layers. Hide

The new gridded WOCE-Argo Global Hydrographic Climatology (WAGHC) is described and compared with the NOAA WOA13 Atlas. The monthly fields of temperature and salinity for 65 depth levels have a 1/4 degree spatial resolution. Two versions of the climatology were produced differing by the spatial interpolation performed on isobaric or isopycnal surfaces respectively. The climatology characterizes the thermohaline state of the World Ocean for the time period 2008 to 2012. Hide

In 2015, a full-depth-rated CTD-CMS system was equipped on the research vessel R/V Kaimei launched that year. The R/V Kaimei CTD-CMS system can illuminate the last frontier, hadal zone, oceanographic province deeper than 7000 m from the seasurface. A series of biogeochemical observations of hadal seawter at the Izu-Ogasawara and Mariana trenches revealed basically well-mixed water property and heterogeneous distribution of likely sediment-derived compound. Hide

Our main aim is to compare two different measuring systems of the surface ocean currents: land-based high-frequency radar and satellite altimetry. Results show that the surface currents detected by both systems agree up to a 70 %, mostly in areas of persistent currents. This work is a first step in the combination of both technologies for an improved monitoring of the coastal surface ocean dynamics. Hide

Biofouling results from the colonization process of bacteria, algae or immobile animals over natural or man-made surfaces at the sea. Biofouling affects ships performance negatively and usual practices to avoid it are related to the use of biocides to intoxicate or prevent the adherence of these organisms. Here we demonstrated that the use of low salinity for short period of times can effectvely kill these organisms if incorporated in vessel operation and wouldn't cause unnecessary delay or cost. Hide

Connections between Long Island Sound (LIS) water temperature variability and modes of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability have yet to be explored. It is shown that intense LIS cold water temperature events are related to central equatorial Pacific SSTs. The decay phase of such events may be related to canonical El Niño events. Furthermore, a ridge-trough atmospheric pattern related to LIS water temperature variability fluctuates coherently with central equatorial Pacific SSTs. Hide

The currents along the West African seaboard are poorly known in the sector. Based on a carefully evaluated numerical simulation the present study describes these currents in the sector 10–20° N and the physical processes that drive them. Prevailing northward flow with two intensifications periods per year are identified. Both local and distant coastal winds (blowing thousands of kilometers away in the Gulf of Guinea) contribute to the circulation in this sector. Hide

Monitoring of marine waters is currently mainly limited to low-resolution methods, while the ocean can be highly variable both in time and space. This study explores the use of two high-resolution methods to study phytoplankton dynamics and uses a model to organize the large amount of data. The results show that the combination of FRR fluorometry and flowcytometry offers an elaborate view of the phytoplankton community and would be a very useful supplement in addition to regular monitoring. Hide

Four years of velocity and hydrography records from moored profilers over the Laptev Sea slope revealed multiple events of eddy passing through the mooring site. These events suggest that advection of mesoscale eddies are an important component of ocean dynamics in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Increased vertical shear of current velocities found within eddies produces enhanced diapycnal mixing suggesting their importance for the redistribution of heat in the Arctic Ocean. Hide

We introduce a novel gap-filling method to reconstruct incomplete HF Radar velocity fields due to hardware or software failures in HF Radar systems. The new method is compared with the most extended available methods for gap-filling. We find that even when the number of missing data is large, the Lagrangian diagnosis still give an accurate description of the oceanic transport properties. These results can be used for scientific communities focusing on biophysical interactions in coastal seas. Hide

In the coming decades, a strong growth of the ocean economy is expected. Scientific advances in operational oceanography will play a crucial role in addressing many of the environmental challenges and in the development of ocean-related economic activities. In this context, remarkable improvements have been achieved with the current Mercator ocean system. 3D water masses, sea level, sea ice and currents have been improved and thus, major oceanic variables are hard to distinguish from the data. Hide

TEOS-10 is the present international standard for thermodynamic properties of water, ice, seawater and humid air, recommended for geosciences by leading international organisations such as UNESCO/IOC and IUGG. TEOS-10 incorporates an extended manifold of different experimental data for those substances, collected from publications over many decades, in an unprecedentedly compact, consistent, comprehensive and accurate way. Hide

The variability of the Northern Current (NC) in the NW Med Sea is studied using data from observations and models. The NC variability is dominated by a synoptic response to wind events, even though a seasonal trend is also observed. The combination of autonomous observing platforms with classical marine surveys provides high resolution datasets useful for specific scientific purposes but also for practical applications such as the management of marine shared resources in the Mediterranean Sea. Hide

The study finds that changes of seawater temperature due to El Nino and La Nina, anomalous warm and cold events, are in principle detectable by means of the oceanic tidal induced magnetic field. Furthermore, subsurface processes in the onset of those anomalous events lead the surface processes by several month. These effect cause a lead in the oceanic tidal induced magnetic field signals over seasurface temperature signals. Hide

Waves obtain the energy from wind; they grow, increase their size and the speed of propagation. The structure of wave field becomes complicated due to appearance of the new wave components. Finally, the sea surface looks as a poorly organized motion consisting of quickly running large hills and hollows covered with smaller waves. This process can be successfully simulated at computers. Such investigations allow us to understand the physics of sea waves, which is important for practice. Hide